Economics

Vanguard analyzes economics as the study of incentives, productivity, markets, labor, capital, and institutional behavior. This section examines inflation, interest rates, trade, business cycles, economic power, growth, and the forces shaping enterprise and society.
Industrial Policy’s Return: How Governments Are Reshaping Economic Strategy—and What It Means for Business
Industrial Policy’s Return: How Governments Are Reshaping Economic Strategy—and What It Means for Business
Industrial policy has returned as governments intervene more directly in strategic sectors such as semiconductors, artificial intelligence, batteries, clean energy, defense technology, pharmaceuticals, and advanced manufacturing. This article examines how... Read more...
The Energy Transition and Economic Competitiveness: Powering AI While Managing Geopolitical Risks
The Energy Transition and Economic Competitiveness: Powering AI While Managing Geopolitical Risks
Artificial intelligence is making electricity a core strategic asset, turning power availability into a new constraint on technological growth, industrial competitiveness, and national security. This article examines how AI demand... Read more...
Inequality in the AI Age: Economic Forces Driving Wealth Concentration and Policy Reckonings
Inequality in the AI Age: Economic Forces Driving Wealth Concentration and Policy Reckonings
Artificial intelligence is not only transforming productivity; it is reshaping who owns, captures, and benefits from economic value. This article examines how AI may intensify wealth concentration through capital ownership,... Read more...
Geopolitics and the Fragmentation of Global Trade: Strategic Responses for a Multi-Polar Economy
Geopolitics and the Fragmentation of Global Trade: Strategic Responses for a Multi-Polar Economy
Global trade is not ending, but it is being reorganized around geopolitics, resilience, tariffs, sanctions, industrial policy, energy constraints, and regional redundancy. This article examines how companies should respond to... Read more...
AI and the Productivity Paradox: Why Massive Investments Haven’t Delivered Transformative Growth—Yet
AI and the Productivity Paradox: Why Massive Investments Haven’t Delivered Transformative Growth—Yet
Artificial intelligence has attracted enormous investment across chips, data centers, software, cloud infrastructure, and enterprise tools, yet the broader productivity boom remains uneven and incomplete. This article examines the AI... Read more...